Design values of actions|www.BuildingHow.com

VOLUME A
The art of construction and detailing
Introduction
The structural frame
- Introduction
- Structural frame elements
  - Columns
  - Beams
  - Slabs
  - Staircases
  - Foundation
- STRUCTURAL FRAME LOADING
- BEHAVIOR OF THE STRUCTURAL FRAME
  - The behavior and reinforcement of a slab
  - Behavior and reinforcement of beams and columns
Construction methods
- The materials
- The moulds
- Thermal insulation of structural elements
- Concrete
- The steel
- Reinforcement specifications of antiseismic design
- Industrial stirrups - stirrup cages
- Standardized cross-sections of reinforced concrete elements
Reinforcement
- Columns
- Shear walls
- Composite elements
- Beams
- Slabs
- Staircases
- Foundation
Quantity surveying
- Estimation of the concrete’s quantity
- Estimation of the formworks’ quantity
- Estimation of the spacers’ quantity
- Estimation of the reinforcements' quantity
- Total estimation of the materials’ quantities
- Optimization of the reinforcement schedule
- Estimation of the structural frame’s cost
- Electronic exchange of designs - bids - orders
Detailing drawings
- General
- The drawings’ title block
- Carpenter’s drawings
- Steel fixer’s drawings
Tables
- Table 1
- Table 2
- Table 3
Drawings
- Carpenter’s drawings
- Steel fixer’s drawings
Model (exemplary) construction

« Imposed loads Combinations of actions »

Design values of actions

Non-seismic actions

The design value (F_d) of an action [EC0, 6.3.] is equal to the product of the characteristic value F_k times the factor γ_f (F_d=γ_f·F_k). The values of γ_g (multiplying the permanent values G_k) and γ_q (multiplying the variable values Q_k) are stated on the following table [EC0, table A1.2(B)].

Permanent Actions []Note*[EC0, 4.1.2(2)P and A.1.3.1(2)] If variability of load G is significant, two values should be used: an upper value G_k,sup and a lower value G_k,inf which should be multiplied respectively by the factors: unfavourable actions γ_g,sup=1.35 and favourable actions γ_g,inf=1.00. In buildings, where the variability of G is considered as insignificant, a single value G_k can be used for both unfavourable and favourable actions. γ _g		Variable Actions γ_q
Unfavourable γ_g_,_sup	Favourable γ_g,inf	Unfavourable γ_q_,_sup	Favourable γ_q_,_sup
1.35	1.00	1.50	0.00

Note

In certain structures, taking account of the uncertainties in modelling effects of actions or in modelling the actions, a second partial factor γ _Sd is involved in the calculation affecting the actions safety factor γ_F=γ_Sd·γ_f (γ_G =γ_Sd·γ_g, γ_Q=γ_Sd·γ_q). Although the value of γ_Sd depends on the designer, in such cases, its value usually varies between 1.05 and 1.15.

Seismic actions

Vibrations produced by earthquakes cause seismic accelerations to the structure. The structure's seismic response depends on the seismic Zone Z of the building, the Type of Soil, the Factor of Importance γ_I, the Viscous Damping ξ, the Behaviour Factor q and of course the magnitude and distribution of stiffness EI and the mass M of the structure.

Calculations, simple or extremely complicated (§6.3), result, for every seismic combination i, at each position of the structure j with mass M_j, to the maximum seismic design acceleration a_i,j,. The design seismic force for the combination i at position j is equal to F_i,j=a _i,j·M_j.Forces F_i,j represent the Seismic Actions.

« Imposed loads Combinations of actions »