VOLUME A
The art of construction and detailing
Introduction
The structural frame
Introduction
Structural frame elements
Columns
Beams
Slabs
Staircases
Foundation
STRUCTURAL FRAME LOADING
Gravity Loads
Seismic loads
Wind loading
BEHAVIOR OF THE STRUCTURAL FRAME
The behavior and reinforcement of a slab
Behavior and reinforcement of beams and columns
Construction methods
The materials
The moulds
Thermal insulation of structural elements
Concrete
General information
Ordering concrete
Concrete arriving on site
Concrete pumping
Concrete casting
Compacting concrete
Concrete curing
Removing the formwork
Self-compacting concrete
The steel
Reinforcement specifications of antiseismic design
Reinforcement covering
Minimum spacing between reinforcement bars
Rebar bending
Antiseismic stirrups
Industrial stirrups - stirrup cages
Standardized cross-sections of reinforced concrete elements
Reinforcement
Columns
Lap-splices in columns
Anchoring the reinforcement of the upper floor level
Reduction of the column’s section size along its length
Reinforcement in typical columns
Shear walls
General
Shear wall behavior
Shear wall’s reinforcement
Anchoring the horizontal rebars of the shear wall’s body
Lapped splices of vertical bars
Anchorage of vertical rebars
Starter bars in shear walls
Composite elements
Beams
General
Continuous beam
Reinforcement placement
Short beam
Beam under torsion
The feasibility of concrete casting in beams
Slabs
One-way slab (simply supported slab)
Two-way slab
One-way slab connected to a cantilever
Continuous slab connected to a cantilever
Ribbed slabs
Sandwich-voided slabs
RULES FOR THE DETAILING OF SLAB REBARS
Staircases
Simply supported staircase
Simply supported staircase continued by slabs
Starter bars in staircases
Staircase with landings
Winder staircase
Foundation
Spread footings
Frame foundation
Strip foundation
Raft foundation
Foundation cases
Quantity surveying
Estimation of the concrete’s quantity
Estimation of the formworks’ quantity
Estimation of the spacers’ quantity
Estimation of the reinforcements' quantity
Ground floor - Slabs
Ground floor – Beams
Ground floor - Columns
Total estimation of the materials’ quantities
Optimization of the reinforcement schedule
Estimation of the structural frame’s cost
Electronic exchange of designs - bids - orders
Detailing drawings
General
The drawings’ title block
Carpenter’s drawings
EXCAVATIONS and FOUNDATION FLOOR (Drawing C.10)
FORMWORK OF THE FOUNDATION and the basement floor (Drawing C.20)
FORMWORK of the BASEMENT’S ceiling (Drawing C.30)
FORMWORK of the GROUND FLOOR’S ceiling (Drawing C.40)
FORMWORK of the MEZZANINE’S ceiling (Drawing C.50)
FORMWORK of the MEZZANINE’S ceiling with thermal insulation (Drawing C.55)
Steel fixer’s drawings
Tables
Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Drawings
Carpenter’s drawings
Steel fixer’s drawings
Model (exemplary) construction
VOLUME B
Static and Dynamic Analysis
General
Preface
Introduction
Eurocodes
Units of measurement
Symbols
Limit States Design
General
Actions on structures
Nominal/ Characteristic values of loads
Brick masonry loads
Imposed loads
Design values of actions
Combinations of actions
Effects of actions
Exercise
Models Analysιs
Structural model
Effective span of beams and slabs [EC2 A§5.3.2.2]
Effective width of flanges
[EC2 A§5.3.2.1]
Rigid body
Diaphragmatic function
Seismic loading model
Deformations-Stresses
Frame model
Analysis of slab
Analysis of frames
The effect of torsional stiffness on indirect beam-to-beam supports
Modelling frames using two-dimensional finite elements
Modelling slabs using bar and two-dimensional finite elements
The frame function in regions of columns
Vertical deformation of beams
Torsional stiffness of beams
Final conclusion
Slabs
General
Two-dimensional finite elements
Assumptions
Stress resultants and deflections
Example 4.2.2-1
Example 4.2.2-2
Example 4.2.2-3
Unfavourable loadings and envelopes of stresses - deflections
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Clarifications
Analysis using tables
Assumptions
Support moments of continuous slabs
Cantilevers
One-way slabs
Static analysis
Deflection
Effect of live load on the static analysis of one-way slabs
Two-way slabs
Shear forces and support reaction forces
Fundamental support and span moments - Deflection curves
Bending moments in continuous two-way slabs
Influence of live load
Slabs supported on three or two adjacent edges
Exercises
Exercise 4.9.1
Exercise 4.9.2
Exercise 4.9.3
Exercise 4.9.4
Exercise 4.9.5
Exercise 4.9.6
Exercise 4.9.7
Seismic behaviour
One-storey plane frames
Bending and shearing effect on deformations and stresses
The degree of fixity effect of columns
The effect of columns moment of inertia
The effect of columns differential height
Frame column stiffness
Coupled one-storey plane frames
Multistorey plane frames
Multistorey plane frame systems
Multistorey plane dual systems
Comparison of multistorey frame and dual systems
Space frames
Diaphragmatic behaviour
Centre of mass and radius of gyration
Centre of stiffness and elastic displacements of the diaphragm
Work methodology
Assessment of building torsional behaviour
One-storey space frame with rectangular columns in parallel arrangement
Multistorey space frame of rectangular columns in parallel arrangement
Exercises
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Exercise 3
Exercise 4
Seismic accelerations and loadings
Seismic response of buildings
Behaviour factor q
Design spectrum of horizontal seismic actions
Dynamic analysis και natural periods of structure
Seismic stresses
Applications
Frame type structure
Wall-equivalent dual type structure
Approximate analysis of the frame and wall type structures
Loading envelopes
Special cases
Tables
Table B1
Table B2
Table B3
Table B4
Table B5_1
Table B5_2
Table B5_3
Table B5_4
Table B5_5
Table B5_6
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
APPENDIX D7
« Ground floor - Slabs
Ground floor - Columns »
Ground floor – Beams
Elem.
Descrip-tion
Sketch
L
(m)
Quant.
(ν)
Length
(L*v)
Diam. Ø
0δ1
lower
4.28
1
4.28
14
lower
5.33
3
16.00
14
upper
5.37
2
10.75
14
additional
upper
1.75
1
1.75
14
additional upper
1.75
1
1.75
14
stirrups
1.61
31
49.85
8
0b2
Same as 0b1
ESTIMATION OF REBARS
Diam.
Ø
Mass/m
(Kg)
Quant.
n
Mass
length
L*n (m)
Additional
mass
b (Kg)
Total
mass
L*n*sw + b (Kg)
14
1.210
16
69.07
0.0
83.6
Sum
-
16
-
0.0
83.6
ESTIMATION OF STIRRUPS
Diam.
Ø
Mass/m
(Kg)
Quant.
n
Mass
length
L*n (m)
Additional
mass
b (Kg)
Total
mass
L*n*sw + b (Kg)
8
0.395
62
99.70
0.0
39.3
Sum
-
62
-
0.0
39.3
« Ground floor - Slabs
Ground floor - Columns »